1. The Original Science Robot
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Sixty years ago this week, the United States sent its first satellite into space on Jan. 31, 1958. The spacecraft, small enough to be held triumphantly overhead, orbited Earth from as far as 1,594 miles (2,565 km) above and made the first scientific discovery in space. Infographics 1 7 1 – visualization graphics for keynote. It was called, appropriately, Explorer 1.
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2. Why It's Important
The world had changed three months before Explorer 1's launch, when the Soviet Union lofted Sputnik into orbit on Oct. 4, 1957. That satellite was followed a month later by a second Sputnik spacecraft. Active dock 1 1 1992. All of the missions were inspired when an international council of scientists called for satellites to be placed in Earth orbit in the pursuit of science. The Space Age was on.
3. It … Wasn't Easy
When Explorer 1 launched, NASA didn't yet exist. It was a project of the U.S. Army and was built by Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. After the Sputnik launch, the Army, Navy and Air Force were tasked by President Eisenhower with getting a satellite into orbit within 90 days. The Navy's Vanguard Rocket, the first choice, exploded on the launch pad Dec. 6, 1957.
4. The People Behind Explorer 1
University of Iowa physicist James Van Allen, whose proposal was chosen for the Vanguard satellite, had made sure his scientific instrument – a cosmic ray detector – would fit either launch vehicle. Wernher von Braun, working with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Alabama, directed the design of the Redstone Jupiter-C launch rocket, while JPL Director William Pickering oversaw the design of Explorer 1 and other upper stages of the rocket. JPL was also responsible for sending and receiving communications from the spacecraft.
5. All About the Science
Explorer 1's science payload took up 37.25 inches (95 cm) of the satellite's total 80.75 inches (2.05 meters). The main instruments were a cosmic-ray detector; internal, external and nose-cone temperature sensors; a micrometeorite impact microphone; a ring of micrometeorite erosion gauges; and two transmitters. There were two antennas in the body of the satellite and its four flexible whips formed a turnstile antenna that extended with the rotation of the satellite. Electrical power was provided by batteries that made up 40 percent of the total payload weight.
6. At the Center of a Space Doughnut
The first scientific discovery in space came from Explorer 1. Earth is surrounded by radiation belts of electrons and charged particles, some of them moving at nearly the speed of light, about 186,000 miles (299,000 km) per second. The two belts are shaped like giant doughnuts with Earth at the center. Data from Explorer 1 and Explorer 3 (launched March 26, 1958) led to the discovery of the inner radiation belt, while Pioneer 3 (Dec. 6, 1958) and Explorer IV (July 26, 1958) provided additional data, leading to the discovery of the outer radiation belt. The radiation belts can be hazardous for spacecraft, but they also protect the planet from harmful particles and energy from the Sun.
Today, these belts are known as the Van Allen Belts; two NASA spacecraft, the Van Allen Probes, have been exploring this region since 2012.
7. 58,376 Orbits
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Explorer 1's last transmission was received May 21, 1958. The spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burned up on March 31, 1970, after 58,376 orbits. From 1958 on, more than 100 spacecraft would fall under the Explorer designation.
8. Find Out More!
When Explorer 1 launched, NASA didn't yet exist. It was a project of the U.S. Army and was built by Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. After the Sputnik launch, the Army, Navy and Air Force were tasked by President Eisenhower with getting a satellite into orbit within 90 days. The Navy's Vanguard Rocket, the first choice, exploded on the launch pad Dec. 6, 1957.
4. The People Behind Explorer 1
University of Iowa physicist James Van Allen, whose proposal was chosen for the Vanguard satellite, had made sure his scientific instrument – a cosmic ray detector – would fit either launch vehicle. Wernher von Braun, working with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Alabama, directed the design of the Redstone Jupiter-C launch rocket, while JPL Director William Pickering oversaw the design of Explorer 1 and other upper stages of the rocket. JPL was also responsible for sending and receiving communications from the spacecraft.
5. All About the Science
Explorer 1's science payload took up 37.25 inches (95 cm) of the satellite's total 80.75 inches (2.05 meters). The main instruments were a cosmic-ray detector; internal, external and nose-cone temperature sensors; a micrometeorite impact microphone; a ring of micrometeorite erosion gauges; and two transmitters. There were two antennas in the body of the satellite and its four flexible whips formed a turnstile antenna that extended with the rotation of the satellite. Electrical power was provided by batteries that made up 40 percent of the total payload weight.
6. At the Center of a Space Doughnut
The first scientific discovery in space came from Explorer 1. Earth is surrounded by radiation belts of electrons and charged particles, some of them moving at nearly the speed of light, about 186,000 miles (299,000 km) per second. The two belts are shaped like giant doughnuts with Earth at the center. Data from Explorer 1 and Explorer 3 (launched March 26, 1958) led to the discovery of the inner radiation belt, while Pioneer 3 (Dec. 6, 1958) and Explorer IV (July 26, 1958) provided additional data, leading to the discovery of the outer radiation belt. The radiation belts can be hazardous for spacecraft, but they also protect the planet from harmful particles and energy from the Sun.
Today, these belts are known as the Van Allen Belts; two NASA spacecraft, the Van Allen Probes, have been exploring this region since 2012.
7. 58,376 Orbits
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Explorer 1's last transmission was received May 21, 1958. The spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burned up on March 31, 1970, after 58,376 orbits. From 1958 on, more than 100 spacecraft would fall under the Explorer designation.
8. Find Out More!
Want to know more about Explorer 1? Check out the website and download the poster celebrating 60 years of space science. go.nasa.gov/Explorer1
9. Hold the Spacecraft In Your Hands
Create your own iconic Explorer 1 photo (or re-create the original), with our Spacecraft 3D app. Follow @NASAEarth this week to see how we #ExploreAsOne. https://go.nasa.gov/2BmSCWi
10. What's Next?
All NASA missions can trace a lineage to Explorer 1. This year alone, we're going to expand the study of our home planet from space with the launch of two new satellite missions (GRACE-FO and ICESat-2); we're going back to Mars with InSight; and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will search for planets outside our solar system by monitoring 200,000 bright, nearby stars. Meanwhile, the Parker Solar Probe will build on the work of James Van Allen when it flies closer to the Sun than any mission before.
The Spectra-Physics Explorer® One™ is the most compact series of UV and green diode pumped solid state (DPSS) q-switch lasers in its class. The It's in the Box™ design incorporates features such as the very compact air cooled design, short pulse width, high peak power and a feature rich software into one single package to satisfy customer needs with benefits such as ease-of-use and handling, high process quality and short time-to-market in cost sensitive tools.
The Explorer One laser models are available on three platforms. The standard platform provides up to 800 mW and 355 nm, 2 W at 532 nm. High energy models are available with pulse energies exceeding 120 µJ at 349 nm, 80 µJ at 355 nm and 200 µJ at 532 nm. The extended power platform, Explorer One XP, is available with power exceeding 2 W at 355 nm and 5 W at 532 nm. The high power platform, the Explorer One HP, is available with a power exceeding 6 W at 355 nm.
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The Explorer One Family consists of rugged and durable industrial laser designed for longevity and long-term stability in 24/7 applications. Exceptional performance including short pulse width for minimum heat affected zone, unmatched pulse-to-pulse stability and superior beam quality (M2 typically <1.1) makes this laser the perfect tool for precision manufacturing. The lasers' very compact It's in the Box design offers a single package solution that allows fast and low cost integration for machine tool builders especially when space is a limiting factor. The very small dimensions of the all-in-one concept as well as low heat dissipation make this laser family the technology of choice for a small tabletop-like instrument. The combination of high output power and air cooled design reduces complexity, thereby resulting in short product development cycles and fast return of investment for our customers.
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Versatility and flexibility are realized by integrating advanced and value-added hardware and software elements such as E-Pulse™ pulse energy control, burst mode, on-demand auto-calibration and single pulse energy measurements up to 500 kHz. The new E-Track™ dynamic pulse energy control feature actively measures and controls the laser for continual energy and power stabilization even under rapidly changing operating set points or environments. E-Track enables 'on-the-fly' adjustments and fast gating for precision micromachining applications such as scribing marking, and drilling of tiny features.
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In addition the Explorer One laser's output power is adjustable to optimize the laser performance to the application needs. The system can be operated using TTL and analog control signals. Real-time pulse energy values are available on the integrated analog port.
